Diagnóstico do tratamento de esgotos no Rio Grande do Sul e sua associação aos riscos com a saúde / Diagnosis of sewage treatment in Rio Grande do Sul and its association with health risks

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estimar o volume de esgoto gerado no RS em Demanda Bioquímica de Oxigênio (DBO kg/dia), e o volume de esgoto (DBO kg/dia) que chega até as estações de tratamento de esgoto ETEs; diagnosticar a eficiência das estações de tratamento de esgotoem relação ao percentual de remoção de (DBO kg/dia); correlacionando com a presença de cianobactérias próximas aos pontos de captação de água superficial para consumo humano; analisar se há inativação ou remoção de protozoários no lançamento do efluente ao retornar ao manancial. Como resultado obteve-se o volume total de matéria orgânica lançada nos corpos hídricos por dia estimado no Rio Grande do Sul é 511.769,00 DBO kg/dia no RS. As Estações de Tratamento de Esgoto captam 390.285,45 DBO kg/dia apresentaram resultados de remoção de 145.500,50 DBO kg/dia e de 22.963,21 DBO kg/dia residual; O volume ocioso das ETEs fica em torno de 5.049,89 L/s. O processo de eliminar ou inativar grande quantidade de protozoários presentes no afluente se dá através de etapas terciárias avançadas nas ETEs. Não encontramos no RS no ano 2019 ETEs com esses tipos avançados de tratamento. Sugere-se então que haja um melhor aproveitamento destas estações de tratamento no que se refere à quantidade e qualidade de volume de esgoto tratado e que sejam ampliados estudos para viabilidade de projetos de execução de novas ETEs para os demais municípios que despejam seus esgotos in natura nos mananciais impactando-os.

This work aims to estimate the volume of sewage generated in RS in Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD kg/day), and the volume of sewage (BOD kg/day) that reaches the sewage treatment stations (STS)s; diagnose the efficiency of sewage treatment station in relation to the percentage of removal (BOD kg/day); correlating with the presence of cyanobacteria close to the surface water intake points for human consumption; analyze if there is inactivation or removal of protozoa in the discharge of the effluent when returning to the source. As a result, the total volume of organic matter released into water bodies per day estimated in Rio Grande do Sul is 511,769.00 BOD kg/day in RS. The Sewage Treatment Plants capture 390,285.45 BOD kg/day showed removal results of 145,500.50 BOD kg/day and 22,963.21 BOD kg/day residual; The idle volume of ETEs is around 5,049.89 L/s. The process of eliminating or inactivating a large amount of protozoa present in the tributary takes place through advanced tertiary stages in the STSs. We did not find in RS in the year 2019 STSs with these advanced types of treatment. It is therefore suggested that there is a better use of these treatment plants with regard to the quantity and quality of the volume of treated sewage and that studies for the feasibility of projects for the execution of new STSs be expanded to the other municipalities that dump their raw sewage in water sources impacting them.

Estudo da presença da toxina microcistina na água de reservatório de Mundaú (Garanhuns-PE) pelas metodologias ELISA e CLAE / Study on the occurrence of microcystin toxin in water reservoir of Mundaú (Garanhuns-PE) by ELISA and HPLC methodologies

As cianobactérias são responsáveis pela produção de cianotoxinas que, uma vez acumuladas, podem causar sérios danos à saúde humana e animal. As microcistinas são o tipo mais comum de cianotoxinas e são promotoras de tumores hepáticos. O reservatório de Mundaú, localizado no município de Garanhuns-PE,foi o local escolhido por apresentar histórico de florações de cianobactérias produtoras de microcistinas.Neste trabalho foi investigada a presença de microcistinas em amostras de água bruta do reservatório do rio Mundaú utilizando-se as técnicas de Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) e Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE). Durante quinze meses consecutivos, as amostras de água foram coletadas em duplicata no ponto de captação deste manancial e analisadas por ambas metodologias ELISAe CLAE. A presença de microcistinas foi detectada em 100 % das amostras, confirmando-se a relevância do monitoramento de microcistinas em águas de abastecimento público, pois assim como o rio Mundaú,vários mananciais de Pernambuco apresentam florações de cianobactérias que podem ser tóxicas.Este trabalho deixou como legado a implantação da referida análise no Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública (LACEN-PE), e demonstrou sua importância como metodologia complementar à contagem das cianobactérias, para fornecer subsídios às ações preventivas de vigilância à saúde...

Presença da toxina microcistina em água, impactos na saúde pública e medidas de controle / Microcystin toxin in the presence of water, public health impact and control measures

As cianobactérias constituem um grupo de micro-organismos procariontes encontrado em ambientes aquáticos, os quais vêm sendo pesquisado devido à capacidade de produzir toxinas que causam grandes impactos à saúde pública e ambiental. A ocorrência de florações desses micro-organismos em reservatórios de água utilizada para abastecimento público tem sido frequente e prejudicado os usos múltiplos da água. Algumas cepas produzem florações nocivas liberando compostos neurotóxicos, hepatotóxicos ou irritantes à pele de seres humanos e animais, podendo ocasionar intoxicação e morte. A literatura reporta a ocorrência de um acidente em Caruaru, Pernambuco, onde faleceram 65 pacientes que faziam hemodiálise, devido à presença de microcistina-LR na água que consumiram. Esse estudo objetivou realizar uma revisão sobre a presença da toxina microcistina em água, os impactos e medidas de controle. Foram relatados os principais métodos utilizados para a remoção e quantificação da microcistina em água, bem como sua relação com a saúde humana.

Cyanobacteria are a group of prokaryotic microorganisms found in aquatic environments, which have been researched because of the ability to produce toxins that cause major public health impacts and environmental. The occurrence of seaweed buddings in reservoirs used for public supplying has been frequent, and has affected the multiple uses of the drinking water. Some strains of seaweed, in special the cyanobacterial, can produce toxins as the microcystins, which are responsible for the intoxication and death of animals and humans.The literature reports the occurrence of an accident in Caruaru, Pernambuco, where he died 65 hemodialysis patients who were due to the presence of microcystin-LR in water. This study aimed to perform a review of the presence of the toxin microcystin in water, impacts and control measures. Reported were the main methods used for the removal and quantification of microcystins in water and its relation to human health.

Péptidos tóxicos y no tóxicos de cianobacterias en cuerpos de agua dulce de la V Región, Chile / Toxic and non toxic cyanobacterial peptides in freshwater bodies from the V Region, Chile

En Chile se ha detectado la presencia de algunos géneros de cianobacterias que pueden producir potentes hepatotoxinas y neurotoxinas, las que pueden ser letales para humanos y animales. En el presente trabajo se determinó la presencia de dos géneros de cianobacterias no tóxicos: Chroococcus y Spirulina; y cuatro géneros de cianobacterias productores de toxina, Anabaena, Anabaenopsis, Microcystis y Oscillatoria en tres diferentes cuerpos de agua de la V Región: Lago Peñuelas (Valparaíso), Tranque Recreo (Villa Alemana) y Embalse Los Aromos (Limache). Además se detectó la presencia de hepatotoxinas por MALDI-TOF MS encontrándose microcistina-RR, -LA, -YR y nodularina en Embalse Los Aromos, microcistina-LA en Tranque Recreo y microcistina-RR y LA en Lago Peñuelas. Adicionalmente en algunas de las muestras se detectó la presencia de péptidos no tóxicos, que presentan actividad biológica tales como aeruginosinas, cianopeptolinas y microgininas. Como estos cuerpos de agua dulce son utilizados para abastecimiento público y para la recreación, es importante diseñar planes de tratamiento y monitoreo para detectar y evitar los riesgos a la salud humana y animal provocado por estos microorganismos.

In Chile the presence of some genera of cyanobacteria that may cause potent hepatoxins and neurotoxis has been detected, which may become lethal for man and animal. In this paper the occurrence of two non toxic genera of cyanobacteria: Chroococcus and Spirulina was established along with four genera of toxin-producing cyanobacteria, Anabaena, Anabaenopsis, Microcystis and Oscillatoria in three different masses of water from the V Region: Lago Peñuelas (Valparaíso), Tranque Recreo (Villa Alemana) and Embalse Los Aromos (Limache). Likewise the presence of hepatoxins by MALDI-TOF MS was detected which resulted in the occurrence of microcystina-RR, _LA , -YR and nodularina in Embalse Los Aromos, microcystina –LA in Tranque Recreo and microcystina -RR and LA in Lago Peñuelas. Moreover, the presence of non toxic peptides developing biological activities such as aeruginosinas, cianopeptolins and microgininines was detected. Considering that these freshwater bodies are intended for public supply and recreational purposes, it is of utmost importance to design treatment and supervising plans in order to detect and prevent risks for human and animal health caused by these microorganisms.

[Cyanobacteria and their toxicity potential in the stored waters of Northern Tunisia dams]

In order to get data about toxic cyanobacteria and their potential sanitary risk in 12 waterbodies situated in the north of Tunisia, some taxonomic, ecological and toxicological studies were undertaken since 2001. This paper provides the first screening of the potential toxic species of cyanobacteria as well as their geographical distribution. The microscopic examination of the phytoplankton samples show 42 species of cyanobacteria; 9 are frequently quoted by the literature as being potentially toxic. Among the inventoried cyanobacteria genera there are Pseudanabaena, Planktothrix Phormidium, Lyngbya, Microcystis, Oscillatoria constitutes the most widespread one. The content of total microcystin [MCYST] was determined by protein phosphatase inhibition assays [PP2A]. The total microcystin, detected in dissolved and paniculate fractions in all the examined samples is generally low and varies between 2 and 7455 ng/l microcystin-LR equivalent per liter. The highest MCYST concentration is observed in autumn and generally in paniculate MCYST concentrations

Proliferaciones algales nocivas de cianobacterias (Oscillatoriaceae) y dinoflagelados (Gymnodiniaceae) en el Golfo de Nicoya, Costa Rica / Harmful blooms of cyanobacteria (Oscillatoriaceae) and dinoflagellates (Gymnodiniaceae) in the Golfo de Nicoya, Costa Rica

Recently, the Pacific coast of Costa Rica has experienced an increase in both magnitude and frequency of harmful algae blooms (HAB). The lack of data regarding the dynamics of these events in the area, and the species of microalgae that produce them, are themes of great interest. The blooms have produced negative impacts on fishery resources and on human health in Costa Rica. In May 2002 a HAB left a large number of dead fish along the central Pacific coast. Water samples were collected using a phytoplankton net and fixed for subsequent processing by electron microscopy. In addition, a one liter sample of surface water was taken for later cell count. In the observed HAB, the dominating organisms found were the cyanobacteria Trichodesmiun erythraeum surrounded by high concentrations of Gram - bacteria and the dinoflagellate Cochlodinium cf. polykrikoides. T. erythraeum, is one of the most important N 2 fixing cyanobacteria in marine waters that has been associated with HAB events in diverse parts of the world as well as with symptoms that produce contact dermatitis and other discomforts. C. cf. polykrikoides is a dinoflagellete associated with fish kills; although the type of associated toxins are unknown. In a national newspaper 17 cases of intoxication in humans were reported during this same period, which presented respiratory disorders and burning of the eyes. This is the first report in Costa Rica where a cyanobacteria and a dinoflagellate were observed together producing HAB

Recientemente, la costa del Pacífico de Costa Rica ha experimentado un aumento en magnitud y frecuencia de proliferaciones algales nocivas (PAN). La falta de datos con respecto a la dinámica de estos eventos en el área, y las especies de microalgas que los producen, son temas de mucho interés. Las PAN han producido impactos negativos en los recursos pesqueros y en la salud humana en Costa Rica. En mayo de 2002, una PAN se observó frente a las playas a lo largo del Pacífico central; además, se observó un gran número y diversidad de peces muertos. Las muestras de agua fueron recolectadas usando una red de fitoplancton y se fijaron para ser procesadas posteriormente con microscopía electrónica. Asimismo, se tomó un litro de muestra de la superficie para su posterior conteo celular. En la PAN observada, los organismos dominantes fueron la cianobacteria Trichodesmiun erythraeum, rodeada por altas concentraciones de bacterias Gram -, y el dinoflagelado Cochlodinium cf. polykrikoides. T. erythraeum, es una de las principales cianobacterias fijadoras de N2 atmosférico en aguas marinas, y se ha asociado con los eventos PAN en diversas partes del mundo, produciendo síntomas como dermatitis por contacto con la brisa marina y otras afecciones. C. cf. polykrikoides es un dinoflagelado asociado con mortalidad de peces; aunque el tipo de toxinas asociadas aún es desconocido. En un periódico nacional se reportaron 17 casos de intoxicación en humanos durante este mismo periodo de PAN, los afectados presentaron desórdenes respiratorios e irritación en los ojos. Éste es el primer informe en Costa Rica dónde se observaron cianobacterias y dinoflagelados juntos produciendo PAN. Este tipo de fenómenos debe analizarse y debe documentarse, para habilitar una comprensión en la dinámica y los factores asociados con el aumento de estos eventos en el Pacífico costarricense

Hepatosplenomegaly caused by an extract of cyanobacterium microcystis aeruginosa bloom collected in the Manguaba laggon, Alagoas - Brazil

Cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa), which produce powerful hepatotoxic cyclopetpides, were collected and submitted to the determination of toxicity through intraperitoneal injections made in 30 and 90 days-old Swiss albino mice. The liver and the spleen were histopathologically analyzed and the weight and vital signs development were monitored. Test of toxicity resulted in a LD 50 of 154.28 mg.Kg -1 . M.aeruginosa represented 95 (per cent) of the analyzed biomass. The ratios between liver weight and body weight in the animal inoculated with a single dose were 6.0 (per cent) and 7.2 (per cent), with multi doses 7.0 (per cent) and 7.5 (per cent) and in the control animals 4.0 (per cent) and 5.0 (per cent), for adult and young animals, respectively . There was an accentuated increase in the volume and weight of the spleen, and the animals inoculated with a single dose showed a ratio between spleen weight and body weight of 0.67 (per cent) and 0.37 (per cent), with multidoses 1.22 (per cent) and 1.05 (per cent) and the control animals the ratio was 0.12 (per cent) and 0.15 (per cent), for adult and young animals, respectively. The young animals inoculated with single and multi doses had an increase of 150 (per cent) and 407 (per cent) in the spleen size while the adults increased, 607 (per cent) and 845 (per cent), respectively, in relation to the control. The histopathological analysis showed strong differences in the structure of the hepatic parenchyme in control animals and in those exposed to the M.aeruginosa extract. The main alterations were the congestive aspect, including the sinusoid, and intrahepatic haemorrhagia. The histopathological analysis showed considerable increase in the number of multinuclear giant cells in the spleen of the animals intoxicated by M.aeruginosa.

Búsqueda de Cyclospora cayetanensis en los familiares de dos niños con cyclosporidiosis / Search of Cyclospora cayetanensis in two families of patients with cyclosporidiosis

Introducción. En México si ignora la frecuencia de Cyclospora cayetanensis; como se trata de un parásito recientemente descrito, quizá pasa inadvertido y por lo tanto no se diagnóstica. Objetivo. Buscar C. cayetanensis en las familias de 2 pacientes con cyclosporidiosis. Material y métodos. Las muestras fecales de los familiares de los pacientes infectados con C. cayetanensis se colectaron por triplicado y se procesaron mediante las técnicas de: concentración-flotación con sulfato de zinc, directo en fresco y con la tinción de Ziehl-Neelsen. Resultados. En la familia del primer paciente, constituida por 7 adultos y 12 infantes, no se encontró Cyclospora. La familia del segundo paciente estuvo integrada por 4 personas, econtrándose sólo en el hermano C. cayetanensis. Conclusión. Los pacientes que dieron origen al estudio presentaron síntomas; sin embargo, el hallazgo de otro niño infectado con C. cayetanensis pero sin manifestaciones clínicas, pone de manifiesto la necesidad de estudiar a todos aquellos sujetos que permanecen asintomáticos